Cell-based Therapy For Myocardial Regeneration

Cell-based Therapy For Myocardial Regeneration Conceptual Myocardial dead tissue is one of the fundamental driver of mortality in numerous nations. Accordingly, a successful treatment for myocardial dead tissue is required. Reperfusion and other ordinary treatment have been the pillar treatment for myocardial localized necrosis. Be that as it may, numerous patients stay hard-headed to this treatment. Cell-based treatment is viewed as a novel treatment, where undifferentiated organisms are utilized for heart fix. Undifferentiated cells are potential helpful and promising choice that could be the elective answer for rescuing harmed cardiomyocyte. In light of current examinations, immature microorganisms are a promising helpful methodology for myocardial dead tissue. Be that as it may, a few provokes should be replied by future investigations before this novel treatment can be broadly applied. This paper gives a review of the advancement in undeveloped cell treatment for myocardial localized necrosis. Presentation The vigorous capability of undifferentiated organisms were as yet a puzzle, yet today, we are continually getting new data on this specific point. One of the possibilities of immature microorganism treatment is to treat harmed cardiomyocyte (Fischer, et.al, 2009; Beltrami, 2003).Acute myocardial dead tissue is one of the fundamental driver of mortality and grimness in numerous nations. Not just this infection causes a monstrous financial weight, yet in addition lessens the nature of live for patients who endure the assault (Hamm, 2016). At present, one of the pillar treatment for myocardial dead tissue is fast revascularization to constrain ischaemic harm. Reperfusion and other traditional treatment have without a doubt spared such a large number of lives, yet there are patients stayed stubborn to this treatment and left with no other treatment choices. Notwithstanding that, numerous patients who have experienced reperfusion technique and endure, frequently left with huge hindrance o f left ventricular systolic capacity. One central issue stay unanswered. Is there some other treatment alternative for these patients? Clinical helpful way to deal with decrease harmed cardiomyocyte and create new working muscle is the current unmeet need. Undifferentiated organisms develop as the novel technique to reestablish harmed cardiomyocytes, and this strategy is prevalently known as cell cardiomyoplasty (Pendyala, et.al, 2008; Reinlib, 2000). Numerous preclinical and clinical preliminaries have recorded the possible utilization of undifferentiated cells to create feasible cardiomyocyte and improve heart work (Bergmann, et.al, 2009). Until now, there are various kinds of grown-up undifferentiated cells and begetter cells utilized for this method, some of which are bone marrow inferred foundational microorganisms, hematopoietic immature microorganisms, mesenchymal undeveloped cells, etc. Since the development of undifferentiated organisms innovation is quicker than any time in recent memory, this exposition meant to give a proof put together update with respect to undeveloped cells use for myocardial localized necrosis, what we have accomplished up until now, and what does the future hold for this forward leap. CELL-BASED THERAPY FOR MYOCARDIAL REGENERATION After an ischaemic assault because of impeded coronary vessels, heart muscle typically left harmed and nonfunctioning. In any case, ongoing proof proposed that the cardiovascular muscle could really experience a restricted measure of restoration. A possibility of inciting muscle cell to experience division for cardiomyocyte substitution, or creating new muscle by undifferentiated organisms are positively fascinating (Roell, et.al, 2002; Santoso, et.al, 2011). Undeveloped cells are competent to multiply in a similar state (self-restoration) and separate into various cell ancestries. Then again, begetter cells are progressively explicit and have restricted separation potential. System on how foundational microorganisms work are as per the following: right off the bat, these undeveloped cells should be removed from the source (eg. bone marrow), after that these undifferentiated cells should be conveyed to the harmed zone. These cells are embedded in the myocardium, and because of the idea of these cells, they would develop and separate/transdifferentiate into cardiomyocyte. To accomplish the objective of cardiovascular fix, these cells ought to likewise be able to combine with the encompassing tissues that their amicable constriction builds the heart withdrawal. Moreover, these recently shaped cardiomyocyte should likewise communicate the fitting electromechanical properties required for compression to yield a coordinated constriction (Templ in, et.al, 2011; Makino, et.al, 1999). Numerous clinical examinations have archived the achievability and security of cell cardiomyoplasty in patients with coronary supply route illness (Makino, et.al, 1999; Strauer, et.al, 2002). Until now, there are some various kinds of grown-up foundational microorganisms and forebear cells utilized for this method, some of which are bone marrow inferred undifferentiated cells, hematopoietic immature microorganisms, mesenchymal undeveloped cells and numerous others (Jackson, et.al, et.al, 2001; Kamihata, et.al, 2001; Bolli, et.al, 2011) Likely SOURCE AND TYPE OF STEM CELLS Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells Bone marrow inferred immature microorganisms (BMCs) are the most broadly considered sort of undifferentiated organisms. Orlic et al. (2001) first portray the capacity of bone marrow cells to recover infarcted myocardium in mouse models. The transplanted cells demonstrated transdifferentiation into cardiomyocyte which in the end lead to improved left ventricular discharge division (Orlic, 2001). The three kinds of undifferentiated organisms got from bone marrow are hematopoietic immature microorganisms (HSCs), mesenchymal undeveloped cells (MSCs), and endothelial ancestor cells (EPCs) (Orlic, 2001; Piao, et.al, 2005; Badorff, et.al, 2003). The job of BMCs for intense myocardial infacrtion has been accounted for to improve left ventricular launch portion (LVEF), both in REPAIR-AMI and BOOST preliminary (Meyer, et.al, 2006; Schachinger, et.al, 2006).BOOST preliminary show a speeding up of LVEF after intracoronary BMCs move (discharge part expanded by 6.7% in the BMCs bunch when contrasted with 0.7% in the benchmark group), and noteworthy outcome was continued until year and a half (Meyer, et.al, 2006). While in REPAIR AMI preliminary, improvement of LVEF, infarct size and divider thickening of infarcted sections were accounted for at two years development. At two years, the aggregate end purpose of death, myocardial localized necrosis, or need for revascularization was fundamentally decreased in the BMC bunch contrasted and fake treatment (risk proportion, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.94; P=0.025) (Assmus, et.al, 2010; Perin, et.al, 2012). Skeletal Myoblast Skeletal muscle can recover in specific situations. Skeletal occupant undifferentiated cells are typically known as satellite cells, and these phones would separate to new myocytes in light of injury. Nonetheless, regardless of whether this capacity can be meant an alternate condition, as in cardiomyocyte fix, ought to be additionally considered (Taylor, 198; Reinecke, et.al, 2002). Enchantment preliminary, a randomized controlled stage II preliminary, demonstrated no noteworthy changes as far as worldwide and local LV work in skeletal myoblast-rewarded patients (Mensche, et.al, 2008). Another examination performed by Dib et al.(2005) demonstrated an expanded in LV discharge part in the gathering rewarded with transepicardial infusion of autologous SMs. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mesenchymal immature microorganisms (MSCs) are another likely choice for cell cardiomyoplasty. Mesenchymal undifferentiated organisms can be found in different tissue, for example, bone marrow and fat tissue (Pittenger, 2004). One intriguing instrument by which MSCs intercede cardiovascular capacity improvement is the paracrine impact. MSCs may emit dissolvable cytokines and development factors that would in the long run impact nearby cardiomyocyte (Gharaibeh, et.al, 2011). Bunny JM et al. (2009) considered the viability of intravenous allogenic human mesenchymal undifferentiated organisms in patients with myocardial dead tissue. As indicated by this investigation, intravenous MSCs were protected as appeared by the comparative antagonistic occasion rates in both mediation and control gathering. MSCs infusion well influenced persistent practical limit, personal satisfaction and LV redesigning (Hare, et.al, 2012). Endothelial Progenitor Cells Endothelial begetter cells (EPCs) have been connected with neovascularization in ischemic tissue. This intriguing discovering lead to the utilization of EPCs for another remedial reason like cell cardiomyoplasty (Isner, et.al, 1999). The human fringe blood-determined EPCs would be a potential methodology on the grounds that those phones can be effortlessly secluded without the need of major careful mediation (Lin, et. Al, 2000). This supposition that was later affirmed by Badorff et al. In this investigation, Badorff et al. (2003) detailed that EPCs from sound volunteers and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients can transdifferentiate into practically dynamic cardiomyocytes when co-developed with rodent cardiomyocytes. Nonetheless, this finding was later contradicted by Gruh I et al. As per this investigation, there was no critical proof of transdifferentiation of human EPCs into cardiomyocyte (Gruh, et.al, 2006). Occupant Cardiac Stem Cells Up to this point, we accept that heart is a completely experienced organ with no ability of self-reestablishment. In any case, the grown-up heart isn't a terminallyâ separated organ, yet harbors immature microorganism with regenerative limit, to be specific occupant cardiovascular undifferentiated organisms (CSCs). In spite of the fact that the starting points of CSCs are yet muddled, they can be disengaged from heart tissue and extended ex vivo for use as a cell-based treatment. There were numerous kinds of CSCs have been depicted in past investigations, similar to: epicardium-determined cells, cardiosphere-inferred heart cells, and cardiovascular Sca-1+ cells. These occupant undifferentiated cells can possibly separate into various sorts of cells like vascular smooth muscle and myocardial cells (Tang, et.al, 2013; Tang, et.al, 2006; Fazel, et.al, 2006). Early stage Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) Early stage immature microorganisms (ESC) are gotten from the blastocyst (inward cell mass) of human incipient organism before implantation. ESCs are pluripotent cells, which implies they have the capacity to separate into any cells, one of which is heart m

How might the Telecommunication Industry in Australia affect the Rollout of National Broadband Network in Australia in 2011

By what means may the Telecommunication Industry in Australia influence the Rollout of National Broadband Network in Australia in 2011 Presentation The media transmission industry in Australia is encountering an enormous and quick monetary blast with different reports indicating an extraordinary estimation of execution direction by its respondents in the business. The business is essentially comprised of organizations that give media transmission administrations to the open either by link, wire or radio.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on How may the Telecommunication Industry in Australia influence the Rollout of National Broadband Network in Australia in 2011? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The significant exercises of the media transmission industry in Australia incorporate internet providers, activity of radio transfer stations, telephone utilities, activity of TV hand-off stations, teleprinter and message administrations, arrange correspondence administrations, link and correspondence station administrations, and satellite correspondence administrations. The business is on a very basic level occasion driven with small execution of arranging in regions other than money or promoting. The absence of arranging is obvious in contemporary Future Orientation with the passed on want for future direction, yet the presentation of concentrated rivalry has as of late advanced more item arranging and the general business arranging in the market. In any case, components, for example, size, curiosity, and legislative issues of the present-day industry condition has contributed in delineating arranging less compelling than in any case anticipated. The impedance by such factors in the media transmission industry has ensured the allowed to-air TV systems, and simultaneously added to Australia’s burglary in turning out fast web access through the National Broadband Network activity. The regularly changing business sector and innovation has acquired a genuine estimate in the capitalization and height of Future Orientation, and this gets the probability of Austr alia following the worldview of America and other European nations in creating vital instruments of catching the market’s huge potential.Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development and enormous potential in this industry saw the arranged turn out of the National Broadband Network (NBN) venture, which is intended to exploit the current monetary and social open doors in the computerized part. While conveying a moderate, fast broadband to each side of the Australian culture, the undertaking is anticipated to drive the country’s economy for quite a long time to drop by relocating from copper to the fiber optic system When the Australian government proceeded with the privatization of Telstra, which is the country’s biggest media communications organization, there were significant worries on the opposing job of the legislature as controller and p roprietor of the media transmission mammoth. Significant concerns additionally stay in Telstra’s potential ability of mishandling its imposing business model capacity to hindrance administrative results through bellicose utilization of its prosecution. Deferring in making a palatable open offer for access to its system and expanding the costs of its discount administrations, for example, fixed and portable system are some of Telstra’s claimed manhandles. So as to level the serious media transmission field, the Australian government educated Telstra to isolate its retail and discount arms for the NBN venture. Telstra fervently restricted this thought and the draft enactment that would isolate its structures inside its media transmission arrange. Administrative and legal procedures despite everything damage Telstra with various questions with its rivals over access to its system rights. Regardless of this, different partners have since entered the scene with fervent intr igue. The NBN activity is anticipated to make a system that will deal with a combination of information that is progressively convoluted, thusly amalgamating the media and the data innovation enterprises with telecommunications.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on How may the Telecommunication Industry in Australia influence the Rollout of National Broadband Network in Australia in 2011? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Media The media and interchanges businesses has experienced through changes in its general corporate association with mounting rivalry between media sections on the most extreme increase and utilization of substance being created (Stuart Cunningham, Graeme Turner 4). This implies exploiting the capacity to introduce and adjust a similar substance on various foundation of conveyance and dissemination. By confining grouping of possession in communicating areas, the proprietorship and control of media is directed over the med ia. Foxtel which has a considerable greater part in the compensation TV showcase is half-claimed by Telstra and the turn out of the NBN venture supposedly has decides and guidelines that limit the quantity of suppliers, while protecting the occupants against passage by dismissing decent variety In Australia, all allowed to-air TV Programs have an exacting residential substance necessities through the Australian Broadcasting Services Amendment Act that require 10 percent of program planning on new Australian dramatization programs (Ron Kirk 27). Albeit customary media has sometimes been cautioned on the extreme changes they face with the advancement in the computerized media field, they have essentially been missing from the discussion encompassing the NBN venture. Nonetheless, the National Broadband Network will create new changes and choices that will see media players taking positions of authority looking for trans-segment openings the NBN brings to the table. They can duplicate t heir ancient models onto the NBN brand by means of the discount administrations of a telco since they have a solid brand with a large number of clients. Despite the fact that it isn't characterized, remote nationals looking for recommendations that identifies with portfolio shareholdings into the media business are exposed to a ‘national premium test’ since outside interest in the broad communications is constrained (Chang and Thorson 16). Media partners ought to subsequently outfit to with systems that will assist them with benefitting from their crowds with the intermingling of media and web based innovations through rapid broadband even as they keep on getting a charge out of insurance from outside rivalry. (Butcher 127).Advertising Searching for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In spite of this projection, most media organizations are as yet looking and grounded on their center skills instead of mixing towards media development. Points of interest of Public claimed Telecommunications towards NBN Rollout. The NBN activity will create and advance a pervasive system that is capable in dealing with both broadband and narrowband necessities with equivalent capable in overseeing intelligent and broadcasting administrations. One component of this undertaking is that it includes and grasps the elaboration of neo-liberal perspectives and thoughts of financial guideline. In this view, open responsibility for foundation and administrations is viewed as an essential issue for national pride and power with a typical sentiment of claiming a bit of a fundamental national framework (Fairbrother 52). Open perspectives and thoughts would at first be ‘measured at heart’ for the NBN venture and this would splash any idea of control by ‘outside’ partie s, and furthermore carry open quiet with general responsibility to the task. Open possession would not develop into the present atmosphere of emergency achieved by the free market that would direct the wages and states of every single Australian. Open responsibility for NBN turn out would fundamentally advance a bound together and rational stage for the entire activity. Detriments of Public claimed Telecommunications towards NBN Roll-out. Since there will never be a convincing idea from the overall population, such proprietorship would just proclaim hesitations and laziness into the execution and fruition of the NBN activity. As per the 2010 report by the Business Council of Australia, ‘’ the open responsibility for NBN activity would raise financial specialist vulnerability with different organizations rescheduling or retaining speculations, and would just hinder new innovations from getting into the market with the country’s general yield falling behind ( 4) â €˜â€™. Such a situation would just make vagueness over NBN’s future tasks. Focal points of Private possessed Telecommunication Infrastructures towards NBN Rollout. Universal correspondence through broadcast communications is quickly turning into the foundation of exchange, profitability, and the general business exercises which are the key parts of a developing, sound economy (Mody, Bauer and Straubhaar 53). Privatization in the media transmission industry is viewed as an impetus to advancement with a critical information. In this view, the smoothing out of the media communications industry in Australia has made it difficult to track down open claimed media transmission transporters because of the idea of deregulation and privatization. This model is exceptionally significant in light of the fact that it will rethink the NBN activity into from the regular open great, to an increasingly worldwide arranged undertaking that is serious both locally and globally with a cli ent driven help. The Telecommunications business is very intricate in innovation and tasks, and the main way that purchasers can be better off is if more suppliers are remembered for the field. Purchasers will be offered all the more contending items, costs, and administrations so as to meet the always different requests. Such p

Rediscovering a Writer Whatever Happened to Kendall Hailey

Rediscovering a Writer Whatever Happened to Kendall Hailey PART 1 Not long ago, something seized and joggled my memory’s elbow, and I thought of a wonderful memoir I’d read back in high school: The Day I Became an Autodidact, by Kendall Hailey. The author had decided to escape formal education at age fifteen. She graduated high school early, and pursued her own intellectual and artistic interests, while staying at home with her fabulously oddball family. (And trying to convince her friends that the conventional university track would leave them with “moist crackers” where their brains should be.) Naturally, I based several college admission essays on this book. In my memory, Hailey had a gleeful and confident voice, a delight in life’s absurdities, and an ability to tear through Greek history the way some of us gobble the Hunger Games trilogy. In the course of her memoir, she wrote both fiction and a play; she painted, acted, and traveled to Europe with her family and friends. But after that first book, her byline went silent. I had to know: What happened? Did she stop writing? Did she take a completely different path? I re-read the memoir, and it was even funnier and more trenchant than I recalled. She describes her reading list of Greek philosophy, noting that “my two main areas of interest are Demosthenes and Preston Sturges.” She turns to Eudora Welty for evidence that “a sheltered life can be a daring life as well.” She observes how her mother, novelist Elizabeth Forsythe Hailey, distills happiness in her daily life. And since her story is set in the pre-email 1980s, she and her love interest, Matthew, eventually write each other several letters a day during his first year at college. As the memoir ends, the Haileys were about to temporarily relocate to England, seeking better medical treatment for Kendall’s father. (Oliver Hailey, a playwright, had Parkinson’s disease.) Then the trail went cold. My curiosity drove me to the web, and within a few days, I had a lead, followed closely by Kendall herself, sounding chuffed that a fan had sought her out. She kindly agreed to look back on her work, and reveal what she’s been up to in the years since. JP: In Autodidact, you explain that you graduated early because of your frustrations with school and rote learning. Were there additional reasons that influenced your decision to leave formal schooling behindâ€"either things that became clearer in retrospect, or that you originally chose not to detail? KH: In retrospect, I think fear stands out! I was scared to leave home and I also loved living there. Of course, I was also greatly influenced by my father who was also scared for me to leave home and loved having me live there. Though had I been enjoying school and felt challenged instead or deadened/pressured I no doubt would have gone on to college . . . though probably not out of state. JP: One of the deep reading plunges described in your memoir covered Greek history, literature, and satire. In the years since, what particular periods, cultures, or authors have you been most captivated by in your reading? KH: I always thought I would move onto the Middle Ages  when I was middle-aged! Now that I’m forty-six, I’d say it’s about time! I confess I did not read a great deal in my twenties. Living alone was not good for my relationship with literature. I was busy working and catching up on the social life I didn’t have much of before. (My two main jobs of my twenties were working in a children’s book and toy storeâ€"which was, sadly, less about interacting with children and more about dealing with parentsâ€"and working on the TV series Dream On as a film clip researcher.) Now, my husband is early-to-bed, early-to-rise while I am the exact opposite, so suddenly I am spending hours (with my Mighty Brite book light) reading again. Over the past several years I have found myself falling in love with about an author a year, in chronological order: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Somerset Maugham, John O’Hara, D. H. Lawrence, Henry James, E. F. Benson, Margaret Kennedy, Edna Ferber, George Eliot, Edith Wharton, P. G. Wodehouse, and John Steinbeck. There are interspersed with some big old classics, some actual reading of the living, and lots of movie star biographies. Yes, the dead white authors are still my thing! And for every one Jew, at least three anti-Semites, Lord help me! I have also begun re-reading the dead whites. When I realized it had been OVER TWENTY YEARS since I read Nancy and Jessica Mitford and Evelyn Waugh I re-read them all and they were all practically brand new to me. I won’t wait another twenty years. JP: What have proven to be your most valuable guides in the autodidact realm? Instinct, chance, and more reading? Certain friends or people you reached out to for discussion or recommendations? KH: When there is no juicy gossip, my next question is always: What are you reading? Who are your favorite authors? What are your top ten favorite books? It was one of those questions that led me to Wodehouse. I met a woman at a dinner party who said she read him every night last thing before she went to sleep. That’s a recommendation that’s hard to ignore. Of course, I can never resist peeking into a faded binding at a garage sale or thrift store. And I love to read first sentences in bookstores. That was how I discovered one of my favorite live authors, Kate Atkinson. Her novel Emotionally Weird begins with the sentence: My mother is a virgin. How could I resist? One of my other favorite ways is to get the recommendations of authors I love in their letters or their writings or on their newfangled websitesâ€"Kate Atkinson listed What Maisie [Knew] by Henry James as one of her top ten novels, and so I read it and loved it. The novels that have a special place in my heart are the Claudia novels, which I read after falling in love with the 1943 movie. The greatest thrill of having my book published was being able to send a copy to Claudia’s creator, Rose Franken, who was quite aged at the time, and getting a letter back from her nurse saying she was reading it aloud to her. Lastly, I am happy to report that one of the most voracious readers I know is my very own seventeen-year-old wicked stepdaughter Leah, and she is my most constant source of recommended reading. I was knocked out by Beatrice and Virgil, which she made me read, and I now have a Tom Robbins novel sitting by my bed thanks to her recommendation. A long way from when we were reading Nancy Drew together . . . though I had never read Nancy Drew till I read her to Leah. Let me tell you: It is never too late for Nancy Drew! JP: In the spirit of and then what happened?. . . did you ever take another formal class, of any sort, after high school? KH: No. Not that I would be adverse! I would love to hear a great lecturer talk, I just haven’t gotten around to it! JP: Or have you ever found yourself in front of a classroom, perhaps teaching a workshop? KH: No. But I do have fantasies. One of my great ambitions is to teach preschool, which I hope to try when my own preschooler is a little older. I have also recently had fantasies of doing living-room lecturesâ€"I would love to do some short introductions to some of the authors I so loveâ€"to share some of the most interesting things I have found out about them and to hopefully let my own passion for them spill over onto my unsuspecting living-room guests. JP: In Autodidact you described painting, writing scripts, acting, experimenting with various kinds of fictionâ€"all kinds of creative outlets. Of these, or beyond these, what creative efforts have you most enjoyed pursuing? KH: I do still love to write. Whenever I think, would I even be doing this if I hadn’t been raised in a household where it was viewed as pretty much the only thing to do?, I still come back to the fact of what a challenge it is for me. To me, writing is like the hardest puzzle in the world and I love puzzles. I remember reading in an interview long ago that Richard Burton said he started drinking because he couldn’t deal with how easy acting was for him. The day writing is easy for me is the day I start drinking! I can’t wait! Though I do like to keep it interesting. I would never want to write a book on the same theme or in the same way as Autodidact. [After my memoir], I finished a book of personal essays, each one about a different female movie star who my father loved and taught me to love, and how each one shaped a certain aspect of my maturing. It is a sequel of sorts to Autodidact since it begins with my first love’s reaction to that bookâ€"June Allyson Teaches Her Rules for Relationshipsâ€"and ends after my father’s death, with the story of my being engaged, Myrna Loy Asks If I Can Be the Perfect Wife. Doing essays on fourteen different actresses while trying to maintain a loose chronology of events almost got the better of this puzzled puzzler and took many, many, many drafts. However, I think I finally got itâ€"but I have yet to find an agent who agrees! I am still wrestling with a novel I’ve been working on off and on for over twenty years, and I have two others in earlier stages. I have a play that has been through a million drafts and a half-finished book of wicked, bitter short stories that make me laugh when I write them but may get me sued if they’re ever published. I’m also at work on several children’s books. I am a great believer in posthumous publication whenever necessary! My other creative outlets of recent years have come about since becoming the proud and happy owner with my husband of a 1905 house. I have loved all the parts I have played in the restorationâ€"I confess, mostly of the unskilled, heavy-lifting variety. Wielding a crowbar, sledgehammer, and even a jackhammer has brought me huge creative joy. I also love to garden. Again, I am not a gifted gardener. I don’t make things grow, but I love to mow the grass, weed and prune! To me, it’s like sculpting. Though this grand old house was built for a staff, I have yet to find them hiding anywhere, so I am of necessity, and quite joyfully, a devoted practitioner of the domestic arts. Read Part 2 tomorrow to find out about Kendall’s latest project, her current thoughts on formal education, and the outcome of her first love. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Rediscovering a Writer Whatever Happened to Kendall Hailey

Rediscovering a Writer Whatever Happened to Kendall Hailey PART 1 Not long ago, something seized and joggled my memory’s elbow, and I thought of a wonderful memoir I’d read back in high school: The Day I Became an Autodidact, by Kendall Hailey. The author had decided to escape formal education at age fifteen. She graduated high school early, and pursued her own intellectual and artistic interests, while staying at home with her fabulously oddball family. (And trying to convince her friends that the conventional university track would leave them with “moist crackers” where their brains should be.) Naturally, I based several college admission essays on this book. In my memory, Hailey had a gleeful and confident voice, a delight in life’s absurdities, and an ability to tear through Greek history the way some of us gobble the Hunger Games trilogy. In the course of her memoir, she wrote both fiction and a play; she painted, acted, and traveled to Europe with her family and friends. But after that first book, her byline went silent. I had to know: What happened? Did she stop writing? Did she take a completely different path? I re-read the memoir, and it was even funnier and more trenchant than I recalled. She describes her reading list of Greek philosophy, noting that “my two main areas of interest are Demosthenes and Preston Sturges.” She turns to Eudora Welty for evidence that “a sheltered life can be a daring life as well.” She observes how her mother, novelist Elizabeth Forsythe Hailey, distills happiness in her daily life. And since her story is set in the pre-email 1980s, she and her love interest, Matthew, eventually write each other several letters a day during his first year at college. As the memoir ends, the Haileys were about to temporarily relocate to England, seeking better medical treatment for Kendall’s father. (Oliver Hailey, a playwright, had Parkinson’s disease.) Then the trail went cold. My curiosity drove me to the web, and within a few days, I had a lead, followed closely by Kendall herself, sounding chuffed that a fan had sought her out. She kindly agreed to look back on her work, and reveal what she’s been up to in the years since. JP: In Autodidact, you explain that you graduated early because of your frustrations with school and rote learning. Were there additional reasons that influenced your decision to leave formal schooling behindâ€"either things that became clearer in retrospect, or that you originally chose not to detail? KH: In retrospect, I think fear stands out! I was scared to leave home and I also loved living there. Of course, I was also greatly influenced by my father who was also scared for me to leave home and loved having me live there. Though had I been enjoying school and felt challenged instead or deadened/pressured I no doubt would have gone on to college . . . though probably not out of state. JP: One of the deep reading plunges described in your memoir covered Greek history, literature, and satire. In the years since, what particular periods, cultures, or authors have you been most captivated by in your reading? KH: I always thought I would move onto the Middle Ages  when I was middle-aged! Now that I’m forty-six, I’d say it’s about time! I confess I did not read a great deal in my twenties. Living alone was not good for my relationship with literature. I was busy working and catching up on the social life I didn’t have much of before. (My two main jobs of my twenties were working in a children’s book and toy storeâ€"which was, sadly, less about interacting with children and more about dealing with parentsâ€"and working on the TV series Dream On as a film clip researcher.) Now, my husband is early-to-bed, early-to-rise while I am the exact opposite, so suddenly I am spending hours (with my Mighty Brite book light) reading again. Over the past several years I have found myself falling in love with about an author a year, in chronological order: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Somerset Maugham, John O’Hara, D. H. Lawrence, Henry James, E. F. Benson, Margaret Kennedy, Edna Ferber, George Eliot, Edith Wharton, P. G. Wodehouse, and John Steinbeck. There are interspersed with some big old classics, some actual reading of the living, and lots of movie star biographies. Yes, the dead white authors are still my thing! And for every one Jew, at least three anti-Semites, Lord help me! I have also begun re-reading the dead whites. When I realized it had been OVER TWENTY YEARS since I read Nancy and Jessica Mitford and Evelyn Waugh I re-read them all and they were all practically brand new to me. I won’t wait another twenty years. JP: What have proven to be your most valuable guides in the autodidact realm? Instinct, chance, and more reading? Certain friends or people you reached out to for discussion or recommendations? KH: When there is no juicy gossip, my next question is always: What are you reading? Who are your favorite authors? What are your top ten favorite books? It was one of those questions that led me to Wodehouse. I met a woman at a dinner party who said she read him every night last thing before she went to sleep. That’s a recommendation that’s hard to ignore. Of course, I can never resist peeking into a faded binding at a garage sale or thrift store. And I love to read first sentences in bookstores. That was how I discovered one of my favorite live authors, Kate Atkinson. Her novel Emotionally Weird begins with the sentence: My mother is a virgin. How could I resist? One of my other favorite ways is to get the recommendations of authors I love in their letters or their writings or on their newfangled websitesâ€"Kate Atkinson listed What Maisie [Knew] by Henry James as one of her top ten novels, and so I read it and loved it. The novels that have a special place in my heart are the Claudia novels, which I read after falling in love with the 1943 movie. The greatest thrill of having my book published was being able to send a copy to Claudia’s creator, Rose Franken, who was quite aged at the time, and getting a letter back from her nurse saying she was reading it aloud to her. Lastly, I am happy to report that one of the most voracious readers I know is my very own seventeen-year-old wicked stepdaughter Leah, and she is my most constant source of recommended reading. I was knocked out by Beatrice and Virgil, which she made me read, and I now have a Tom Robbins novel sitting by my bed thanks to her recommendation. A long way from when we were reading Nancy Drew together . . . though I had never read Nancy Drew till I read her to Leah. Let me tell you: It is never too late for Nancy Drew! JP: In the spirit of and then what happened?. . . did you ever take another formal class, of any sort, after high school? KH: No. Not that I would be adverse! I would love to hear a great lecturer talk, I just haven’t gotten around to it! JP: Or have you ever found yourself in front of a classroom, perhaps teaching a workshop? KH: No. But I do have fantasies. One of my great ambitions is to teach preschool, which I hope to try when my own preschooler is a little older. I have also recently had fantasies of doing living-room lecturesâ€"I would love to do some short introductions to some of the authors I so loveâ€"to share some of the most interesting things I have found out about them and to hopefully let my own passion for them spill over onto my unsuspecting living-room guests. JP: In Autodidact you described painting, writing scripts, acting, experimenting with various kinds of fictionâ€"all kinds of creative outlets. Of these, or beyond these, what creative efforts have you most enjoyed pursuing? KH: I do still love to write. Whenever I think, would I even be doing this if I hadn’t been raised in a household where it was viewed as pretty much the only thing to do?, I still come back to the fact of what a challenge it is for me. To me, writing is like the hardest puzzle in the world and I love puzzles. I remember reading in an interview long ago that Richard Burton said he started drinking because he couldn’t deal with how easy acting was for him. The day writing is easy for me is the day I start drinking! I can’t wait! Though I do like to keep it interesting. I would never want to write a book on the same theme or in the same way as Autodidact. [After my memoir], I finished a book of personal essays, each one about a different female movie star who my father loved and taught me to love, and how each one shaped a certain aspect of my maturing. It is a sequel of sorts to Autodidact since it begins with my first love’s reaction to that bookâ€"June Allyson Teaches Her Rules for Relationshipsâ€"and ends after my father’s death, with the story of my being engaged, Myrna Loy Asks If I Can Be the Perfect Wife. Doing essays on fourteen different actresses while trying to maintain a loose chronology of events almost got the better of this puzzled puzzler and took many, many, many drafts. However, I think I finally got itâ€"but I have yet to find an agent who agrees! I am still wrestling with a novel I’ve been working on off and on for over twenty years, and I have two others in earlier stages. I have a play that has been through a million drafts and a half-finished book of wicked, bitter short stories that make me laugh when I write them but may get me sued if they’re ever published. I’m also at work on several children’s books. I am a great believer in posthumous publication whenever necessary! My other creative outlets of recent years have come about since becoming the proud and happy owner with my husband of a 1905 house. I have loved all the parts I have played in the restorationâ€"I confess, mostly of the unskilled, heavy-lifting variety. Wielding a crowbar, sledgehammer, and even a jackhammer has brought me huge creative joy. I also love to garden. Again, I am not a gifted gardener. I don’t make things grow, but I love to mow the grass, weed and prune! To me, it’s like sculpting. Though this grand old house was built for a staff, I have yet to find them hiding anywhere, so I am of necessity, and quite joyfully, a devoted practitioner of the domestic arts. Read Part 2 tomorrow to find out about Kendall’s latest project, her current thoughts on formal education, and the outcome of her first love. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

How Well Do You Know Spanish Prepositions

Essay On Mildred Clay - 1504 Words

Marie Mildred Clay: Life and Legacy If the child is a struggling reader or writer the conclusion must be that we have not yet discovered the way to help him learn† (Clay, 2005, Literacy Lessons Designed for Individuals Part 2, p. 158). Literacy has grown to become a worldwide problem and most people are unaware that it exist. A lady, from New Zealand, by the name of Marie Mildred Clay was known for her research contribution in the field of education literacy. Clay was a clinical child psychologist and education specialist. Her work has helped thousands of children through her research and teaching strategies. She was an advocate for early intervention among young children. Her commitment to provide services to help children improve their†¦show more content†¦If a child does not possess these skills, the greater the probability it is for the child to always have difficulties with literacy skills. Clay’s philosophy for the Reading Recovery was â€Å"In a complex model of interacting competencies in reading and writing the reader can potentially draw from all his or her current understanding, and all his or her language competencies, and visual information, and phonological information, and knowledge of printing conventions, in ways which extend both the searching and linking processes as well as the item knowledge repertoires. Learners pull together necessary information from print in simple ways at first . . . but as opportunities to read and write accumulate over time the learner becomes able to quickly and momentarily construct a somewhat complex operating system which might solve the problem. There is no simplified way to engage in the complex activities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Clay, 2001, p.224) Clay’s research focused on literacy behaviors connected to young children. She studied their progression of reading and writing skills over a period of time. The Reading Recovery is based on her work of the literacy processing theory. This theory became the guide used to teach the method principles in the Reading Recovery program. â€Å"It must be acknowledged that Marie Clay was actually the first reading researcher to use RTI to identify children who might be afflicted by organically based readingShow MoreRelatedExploring How Psychologists Study the Role of Play in Child Development2367 Words   |  10 Pagesmastering new social skills, concepts and experiences. Psychologists, such as Faulkner (1995), present evidence that play is seen as a mean of developing social skills and interpersonal relationships with others. The first section of the essay will present the different approaches psychologists use in the quest to learn about the role of children’s play and their related issues. This section will briefly define the nature of play and the different types of play that influence

Traditional Education Vs Progressive Education - 1553 Words

Alli Lively Education; Something that once appeared to be so simple as a child. Throughout the growth in knowledge as well in maturity, the rigors of higher education as well as an appreciation of the theories that have lead everyone, who has had the privilege of receiving education, to contest to their personal views of education. Over the course of eight weeks, the focus on Juggling in the classroom as well as John Dewey s Experience Education has undoubtedly opened a new path for the learning process. The task of juggling in the classroom has further reinforced the ideology Dewey has written within his text. The duration of the first six chapters of his novel have had a direct correlation to the theory of juggling in the classroom†¦show more content†¦Juggling in the class is a tool that can be used to prove that any person can be taught something, but until they have the true passion to exceed it is simply not feasible. The average lifespan for humans continue to expand everyday, and within that time frame learning is accomplished in both a positive and negative manner. In Dewey s second chapter The Need of a Theory of Experience, the concept of a mis-educative experience as well as an educative experience are equally discussed. The claim that Dewey makes on page twenty five reads: Any experience is mis-educative that has the effect of arresting or distorting the growth of further education.. From this viewpoint, the conclusion that any human being throughout history has acquired at least one mis-educative experience can be made. From the classroom perspective, any student that learns in only a singular manner may be classified as having a mis-educative experience because a teacher typically only shows a singular way to solve a problem such as in mathematics, view a poem in literature, or interpret data in science. The reason for this being a negative process is students may not have the ability to adapt to the lessons that they are learning in a style that is more suited to their needs. Throughout the time spent juggling in class, what I have began to notice includes the concepts that one has a chance to learn in an incorrect manner; however, they neglect to know that their execution ofShow MoreRelatedTraditional Education Vs Progressive Education1719 Words   |  7 Pages Education; Something that once appeared to be so simple as a child. Throughout the growth in knowledge and maturity, the rigors of higher education as well as an appreciation of the theories that have lead me, who has had the privilege of receiving education, to contest to my personal views of education. Over the course of eight weeks, the focus on juggling in the classroom as well as John Dewey s Experience Education has undoubtedly opened a new path in my learning process. The task of jugglingRead MoreProgressive Education Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagestells you, words and ideas can change the world.† Typically, students do not hear enough of this type of passion in a traditional classroom. However, a progressive classroom, be it a cave or college can inspire students to memorize facts, not because they have to, but rather because they want to for the betterment of humanity. Society desperately needs students educated in a progressive style because America needs students who realize learning never stops. Today’s students and tomorrow’s professionalsRead MoreProgressive Reformers Essay example625 Words   |  3 Pages10/08/12 Progressive Reformers The Progressive movement has had a tremendous impact on society and preserving the doctrine of a democratic nation. The Progressive Era, which initiated between the years 1890 through 1920, was instituted because progressives who wanted to rid politics of corruption and inefficiency. 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Online Learning1510 Words   |  7 PagesAmong schools with 12th-grade students during the 2010–11 school year, the average percentage of 12th-grade students who graduated with a high school diploma was 89 percent for traditional public schools, 91 percent for public charter schools, and 92 percent for private schools (Institute of Educational Sciences). Traditional on campus classes are those in which a student earns a diploma or a degree in a classroom environment taught by a professor. Students are p rovided with high amounts of socialRead MoreThe Feminist Movement : The First Great Provider For The Human Species1392 Words   |  6 Pagesspokeswoman Mary Wollstonecraft and her well-known book about equality in education. â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† (1792), â€Å"was written by British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should have an education. She argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society, claiming that women areRead MoreThe Tax System Of The United States1553 Words   |  7 Pagesincomes or business profits collected by the government that funds certain actions and services provided by the government for the people. Taxes in the United States originated in the 1760s. The current tax system the country has is a progressive tax. A progressive tax is a tax system where higher incomes tax at higher percentages than those with lower incomes. The tax system that was anticipated that the economy should switch to is a flat tax. A flat tax is a system where all inc ome would pay theRead MoreThe Tax System Of The United States1597 Words   |  7 Pagesprofits collected by the government that funds certain actions and services is provided by the government for the people. Taxes in the United States originated all the way back in the 1760s. The current tax system the country has is a progressive tax. A progressive tax is a taxation system where higher incomes get taxed at higher percentages than those with lower incomes. The tax system that was anticipated that the economy should switch to is a flat tax. A flat tax is a system where all income wouldRead MoreThe Curriculum Development Theory Within The Educational System947 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing famous curriculum theorists: â€Å"Franklin Bobbitt (1876-1956), Werret Charters (1875-1952), William Kilpatrick (1871-1965), Harold Rugg (1886-1960), Hollis Caswell (1901-1989, and Ralph Tyler (1902-1994). Each of these individuals’ philosophy of education and views on student learned c urrently impact how we view the development of student learning in America: 1. Bobbitt believed that the learning objectives, together with the activities, should be grouped and sequenced after clarifying the instructional

Musical Styles of Mozart and Beethoven free essay sample

Mozart exemplified the Viennese Classical styles of elegance, balance, and sophistication. Through this he exemplified and expanded all Classical styles, such as the sonata form and the double-exposition sonata (which gave the new material). He was able to be contrapuntal yet homoerotic at the same time. He frequently used symmetry in his phrasing, Like four-measure phrases, for example. He composed both dynamically and chromatically. He expanded the use of wind Instruments In the orchestra. He was also the opera man, and contributed to the following three types: opera series (serious), opera buffo (Italian comedies), andSingles (German comedies). He not only focused on the music, but used It to create lifelike characters. To give more power to the plot, recitative cosec was used to keep the plot rolling. His arias often had multiple moods through sectional forms, and vocal lyricism was included in instrumental writing. Beethoven was the first person to cherish cyclical structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Styles of Mozart and Beethoven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His compelling themes are still memorable today, such as the short-short-short-long theme from Symphony N . 5, and Ode to Joy, in Symphony N. 9. It took him lots of time to compose his music as e was constantly revising his music.His dynamics were very wide ranged. He influenced many people by starting new trends. He added new instruments to the orchestra, like the piccolo, trombone and contrabass. Whenever new advances to the piano came out, he used them, like expanded range and new pedals. He developed many classical forms, such as the sonata form, string quartet, concerto, and so on. He replaced the Minuet and Trio with the new vibrant Scherzo and Trio.

Excursions in Literature Unit 4 Flashcard

Excursions in Literature Unit 4

In Vitro Fertilization essays

In Vitro Fertilization essays Many individuals are looking to alternatives in child bearing, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) being one of the most popular. IVF in the United States is a costly procedure. It can cost up to $12,000 for one attempt and that is not adding the cost of additional attempts should the first one fail. There are individuals who are in debt for $60,000 in attempting to get pregnant through IVF. Fertility treatments are now a hot commodity, especially in the global marketplace. Many women are looking to oversea options in having IVF done. One major factor in women going overseas is the price tag. IVF overseas is about  ¼ of the price it is in the US. Price Tag of One Cycle of IVF (*Estimated prices, not including donor eggs or fertility drugs, based on costs from top clinics and converted to US dollars.) Brief History of In Vitro Fertilization In Vitro Fertilization is a fertility procedure in which medical physicians remove eggs from the ovaries of a female, fertilize them in a laboratory, and then replace the embryos back into the females uterus where they implant and mature. In Vitro literally mean in glass meaning the Petri dishes that the eggs are placed into for fertilization. This procedure first came into place in England about 25 years ago by the late Dr. Patrick Steptoe and Dr. Robert Edwards. The first successfully delivered baby through IVF is Louise Brown on July 25, 1978. She is considered the worlds first test tube baby. IVF was introduced, as a means to assist couples who were not successful in becoming pregnant. It has proven to be a successful means of having child for those couples who had ovulation disorders, unexplained fertility, endometriosis, and male factor problems. The IVF procedure is responsible for the birth of more than 500,000 healthy children around the world. While it may seem that IVF is the answer there are risks involved in this miracle procedure...

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Midterm - Essay Example Sometimes the agents like the employees, creditors and the stakeholders want the managers to look beyond just protecting their interests and help them maximize the wealth, besides acting as protector of the interests. This concept or the need to maximize the wealth of the stakeholder that arises is part of the shareholder model (Bagchi 447-462). The shareholder model ensures that the managers do everything to make sure that the wealth is maximized as much as possible. The two types of model cannot remain side by side or go hand in hand. The managers have to choose to settle between either maximization of the shareholder wealth and the overseeing that the rights of the creditors, employees and the stakeholders are protected at any cost. This can be explained with the help of the following example. In order to increase the shareholder value following the shareholder model, the managers take debt which increases the chances of bankruptcy (Bougheas 233-263). If the debt fund is able to g enerate the required return, then the company can pay for both its shareholders as well as the creditors. On the other hand the extra debt increases the chances of agency cost. The agency is thus obliged to pay for the extra debt and puts the agency in a risky position. So choosing to maximize the shareholder value the managers have put the employees, stakeholders, and the employees into a crisis. In reality the management or the principle is expected to make sure that whatever decisions that are taken by them, the oath taken to protect rights of the interests are not jeopardizes at any cost. The concept of investment involves maximization of wealth and that is what shareholders keep looking for in any investment. The adoption of the stakeholder concept comes in direct confrontation with wealth maximization concept. Without maximization of wealth, there is no point to invest. So I agree that the stakeholder theory sounds goods in social theory but does not work in practice. Question 2 I agree that the cost/benefit analysis sometimes lead to flawed ethical results. Cost benefit analysis involves weighing the cost of carrying out an object with its subsequent benefits. Most of the time the comparison is done by indicating the margin by which benefits outweigh the cost. Human beings have the tendency of measuring the benefits by the level of human satisfaction achieved (Deborah 879-911). Since the ultimate aim of all such endeavour is uplift of human satisfaction level, so all the benefits are measured in the light of human satisfaction. It may happen that the achievement of such results or benefits may come in direct confrontation with ethics. For example in constructing a company there is a cost/benefit analysis. The costs include the capital and manpower, and the benefits include the long term service of the company towards the society. Very often the managers as well as economists fail to note the cost of ecological imbalance. It is in our own interest that t he environment be protected since wanton destruction of ecology is in fact a serious unethical practice. This little fact is however overlooked in the cost/benefit analysis math. Corporate sustainability helps a company to improve the consumer and employee for a long term basis. It helps to create green strategy. This strategy is developed keeping in the focus the natural environment surrounding the company. The natural environ

Jails and Prisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jails and Prisons - Essay Example (Champion, 151) The defendants who are kept in jails are individuals who have to serve a sentence for misdemeanor offenses, felons who have to do jail time as a condition of their probation and people who are awaiting trial and cannot make bail .(Bergman & Berman, 2008 ). Jails are also used to temporarily detain juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities. They are also used to retain mentally ill patients until they are sent to appropriate mental health institutions. .( Carlson and Garrett, 2007) Jails sometimes run community programs as alternatives to incarceration. Jails also hold offenders who are in contempt of court, are crime witnesses and are in protective custody. They also hold convicted felons who are going to be sent to state prisons.(Carlson and Garrett, 2007). Jails generally do not give emphasis to how inmates behave following release. There are exceptions e.g. alcoholic treatment programs and domestic violence programs that seek to reduce the likelihood of repeated domestic violence. However their prime focus is on safely managing people. (Goldstein, 2006). Prisons are long term confinement facilities housing felony offenders and parole violators serving sentences greater than one year. The federal and state government run such establishments and nowadays even private companies are allowed to take up the contracts for running prisons. (Caputo, 2004). Compared to jails, prisons are typically larger and range in custody level from minimum security to maximum security where the nation's most dangerous criminals are confined. (Caputo, 2004). Prisons are self sufficient and self contained. These self contained facilities have recreational yards, workout rooms, auditoriums for viewing feature films and small stores for the purchase of toiletries and other goods. (Champion, 2007) The functions of a prison according to Champion are to provide societal protection, punish offenders, rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate offenders by preparing them for reentry into society through vocational and educational training ,counseling and other institutional measures.(Champion , 2007) Provisions for death penalty are in place in state and federal prisons .Federal prisons may be minimum or maximum security. Maximum security prisons hold 52 percent of all state of all state prisoners .These are built to house dangerous criminals and to prevent them from harming security guards are one another. Minimum security prisons on the other hand have more freedom of movement, privileges and contact with the outside world . However it is the medium security prisons that hold 37 percent of all state prisoners. (Sellers, 1993) References: Bergman, P and Berman, S.( 2008). The Criminal Law Handbook: Know Your Rights, Survive the System. Berkeley, CA: NOLO Carlson. M. and Garrett, J. S. (2007) Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory . Gaithersburg, MD: 2nd ed : Aspen Publishers. Caputo , G. (Oct 2004) Intermediate Sanctions in Corrections. USA: University Of North Texas Press

Motion-Powered Portable Charger

Motion-Powered Portable Charger The focus of this project is to design a Motion-powered portable charger for electronic mobile devices. The interest in electronic mobile devices has led to power supply problems. Most of the devices need a continuous power supply to be fully functional. This project is thought to design a solution to give almost unlimited power supply to charge the electronic mobile devices through movements of the users themselves. The energy is expected to be harvested from electromechanical devices such as Faradays hand-held generator or piezoelectric. The energy is then converted and altered to electrical energy depending on the required output power. This project would not only give almost unlimited power supply but it also would help in improving green technology and more efficient too. Simulation of the circuits in this project were created using Multisim.   1.1 Project Title Motion-powered Portable Charger 1.2 Aim The aim of this project is to design a motion-powered charger that allows electronic devices users to keep on charging their electronic devices from running movement of the users. To achieve this, the charger is expected to harvest enough motion from running to replenish cell phones or other small gadgets, like GPS devices. 1.3 Objectives The objectives of this project are as follows: Choosing the best electromechanical devices to charge the battery in the portable charger Testing the understanding of charger circuits which also includes AC-DC converters, amplifiers and other many minor circuits of an electronic devices Understanding in method to store energy in lithium-ion battery to be used to charge electronic portable devices Measure the efficiency of the devices ; input and output voltage, current and power of the charger Produce useable motion-powered portable charger 1.4 Learning Outcome Learning outcomes of this project are: Manage to understand the mechanism of charging and discharging condition of lithium-ion battery Understand on how to increase both voltage and current to required voltage and current Improve problem solving and decision-making skills for sudden mistakes discovered throughout the projects Have the confidence in designing an electronic and electrical circuits. Understand on files needed to produce a printed circuit board (PCB) Develop soldering skills so a PCB would be fully functional 1.5 Materials Required 18mm OD x 2mm WT x 12 long Perspex Tube 30 SWG Enamelled Copper Magnet wire LM324N OpAmp LM7812CT Single Linear Voltage Regulator TIP122G NPN Darlington Transistor 1N4148 Diode DC-DC 5V 1A/2A Boost Converter BZX79C 4.7V Zener Diode 10k ÃŽÂ © Potentiometer Resistors: 1 ÃŽÂ © 560 ÃŽÂ © 1k ÃŽÂ © 1.5k ÃŽÂ © 2.7k ÃŽÂ © 4.7k ÃŽÂ © 10k ÃŽÂ © 100k ÃŽÂ © 1M ÃŽÂ © Capacitors 10nF 100nF 1.6 Project Planning With a project with many different schedules and tasks that need to be completed project planning was an essential part to designing and building a functioning system. There is a time plan of the whole project in Appendix A Project Planning. 2.1 Fundamentals of Kinetic Energy and Mechanical to Electrical Energy 2.1.1 Faradays Law Initially, in 1821, a Danish physicist and chemist, Hans Christian Oersted, found a phenomenon so called electromagnetism. Soon after the discovery, a British scientist, William Hyde Wollaston, tried to design an electric motor using the fundamental theory of electromagnetism. However, his effort make no results and failed to create the motor [1]. Michael Faraday who have talked to both initiators of the theory started his experiments and managed to produce the very first electric motor. Since he is the only who published his works, he was credited for discovering the theory of induction in 1831 without acknowledging Wollaston [2]. This law predicts how magnetic field would related to electric field which then could produce electromotive force (EMF), a phenomenon generally called Electromagnetic Induction [2]. This law is applied as the basic fundamental theory for many applications such transformers, inductors, electric motors and in this project case, as a generator [2]. However, most of the scientists rejected the Faradays theory since it was not represented mathematically [1]. But only James Clerk Maxwell accepted the theory and described the law as Faradays Law of Induction mathematically which then later generalized to be called the Faraday-Maxwell Equation1 [1][3]. This equation is one of the four so called Maxwells Equation throughout all of his theory about electromagnetism [1]. Faradays Law of Induction surely needs the magnetic flux through a loop of wire [4]. The definition of magnetic flux is given by: where B is the magnetic field and dA is surface integral enclosed by the loop of wires. In term of graphical definition, magnetic flux through the loop of wire is directly proportional to the number of magnetic flux lines been cut when the magnet pass through the loop of wire [4]. 2.1.2 Lenzs Law The Faradays Law of Induction also states that when the magnetic flux that pass through the loop of wire changed, the loop of wire gained an EMF. Generally, this statement means that the induced EMF in closed circuit is defined as rate of change of magnetic flux made from the circuit [5][6]. The definition in term of equation is as below: where is the EMF while is the magnetic flux The Faradays Law of Induction is then further modified and improved by physicist named Heinrich Lenz. The improvised law is called as Lenzs Law. This law, of which gives the direction of the EMF, states that the direction of the induced current is opposite of the direction of the change that produced it because of the negative sign shown in the equation above [7]. In order to increase the induced EMF, it is known to customize the flux linkage since EMF is also known as rate of change of flux. This can be done by wounding coil of wires tightly producing N turns of wires, which each of the turn have the same magnetic flux. The EMF produced through this method is N times of one single turn of wire [8] [9]. Figure 1: Faradays Law of Induction producing EMF The theory from the Faradays Law of Induction due to magnetic flux linkage been cut by loop of wire then become the fundamental principle in making electrical generators. This could be happened when a conductor or loops of wires is moved relative to permanent magnet or vice versa producing EMF. If both ends of the opened-circuit wires is connected to any electrical devices, current will be produced and electrical energy is produced. This electrical energy is gained from the motion of the magnet which then proves the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy. 2.1.3 Piezoelectricity Piezoelectricity is the ion charges which are collected in abundant amount in some solid materials, such as ceramics and crystal, and biological matter, for example DNA and bones [10]. This could only be happened when mechanical stress is applied onto the particular substances. It is understood that piezoelectric effect was a result of linear electromechanical contact between electrical and mechanical state in materials whose structure are in highly microscopic structure order. These materials used for piezoelectricity are normally have no inversion symmetry [11]. During the early mid of 18th century, the early discovery and research was studied by Carl Linnaeus and Franz Aepinus. However, the study was on pyroelectric effect. This pyroelectric shows that an electrical potential of a substances or material are produced whenever there is temperature changes [12]. From this discovery, Rene Just Hauy and Antoine Cesar Becquerel conclude a relationship between electric charge of a substances or materials with mechanical stress applied onto it. Despite of their experimental efforts to prove the relationship, they are likely fail to prove the experiments conclusive [12]. Unable to full understand the principle, in 1880, The Curie brothers, Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie manage to demonstrate the very first direct piezoelectric effect [13]. The brothers manage to predict the behaviour of crystal by combining their knowledge on pyroeletricity with their understanding about the crystal structure. The effect was demonstrated by the brothers using tourmaline (crystalline boron silicate mineral), topaz (silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine), cane sugar and Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate) Quartz (mineral composed of silicon and oxygen) [13]. However, the converse piezoelectric effect wasnt predicted by the brothers. Only in the next year, 1881, Gabriel Lippmann managed to deduce the converse effect from the basic principles of thermodynamics mathematically [13]. Only then, the Curie brothers got to obtain the verification of the changeability of the deformations in the piezoelectric crystals and thus proved the presence of the converse effect [13]. The very first application of piezoelectric devices was as in sonar. It was first developed by Paul Langevin and his assistants during World War 1 at France which was about 1917 [13]. Starting from this creation where piezoelectric effect was used in sonar, the development of its technology and applications was intensely explored and developed. The most common application was found to be the piezoelectric sensor. Piezoelectric sensor, as known from its name, of course uses piezoelectric. This sensor detects any changes in pressure, force, temperature, stress or strain in form of electrical charge. This is one of the reason why it is called electromechanical devices as it generally converts mechanical energy to electrical energy Figure 2: Electronic and schematic symbol of a piezoelectric sensor The electrical properties of the sensor are that it has very high DC output impedance. This makes the sensor could also be sculpted as proportional voltage source or network filter [14]. Voltage across the source is directly proportional to any force, stress, strain or pressure applied onto it. The current passed through the circuit then will shows as output signal of the sensor of which specifically shows the result of the mechanical force applied [14]. Figure 3: Frequency response of piezoelectric sensor If it is intensely considered, the effects of the mechanical construction and other ingenuity of the sensor are included in the specified model. To make it function as sensor, the straight region (usable region) of the frequency response will normally be used [14]. As an effort to ensure that the low frequencies of interest (straight region) not lost, the leakage and load resistance must be sufficiently large. In this region, a corresponding circuit which has been abbreviated can be used. From the circuit, the capacitance of the sensor is signified by CS of which is defined by the general formula for capacitance of parallel plates [14]. However, the device can also be showed as charge source. This could only be happened if CS is in parallel yet the charge is still directly proportional to applied force [14]. Figure 4: Piezoelectric sensor as voltage source or charge source The principle operation of a piezoelectric material can be divided into 3 main operative modes: Longitudinal effect The total charge displaced does not depend on the dimension and shape of the piezoelectric elements. Yet, the amount charge displaced is directly proportional to the force or pressure. The one and only technique to surge the output charge is by placing a few piezoelectric elements in parallel as from electrical perspective but in series as from mechanical perpective. The output charge is as below: where is the piezoelectric coefficient as a charge in x-axis are being discharged by the forces exerted onto the same x-axis. , is the force exerted in the x-axis while is representing the number of elements that been fixed together. Shear effect The charges formed does not depend on the dimension and size of the piezoelectric elements at all and yet it is totally and directly proportional to the force and pressure exerted. The charge for elements which is placed in parallel as from electrical perspective but in series as from mechanical perspective can be illuminated as below: Transverse effect Charges along x-axis are displaced perpendicularly to a force that been applied along a neutral y-axis. The geometrical proportions of certain piezoelectric component determined the amount of charge displaced, CX. where is the proportion coordinated with the neutral axis, is coordinated with the charge producing axis while is the equivalent coefficient 2.2 Theory of Lithium ion Battery Amongst rechargeable battery that ever exist, lithium ion battery is known to be amongst the battery with highest capability to store energy per unit volume. This is one of the reason why lithium ion battery is considered to be useful for electrical energy storage [15]. Besides, lithium ion battery is also known for its capability and efficiency in charging and discharging [15]. However, there is also disadvantages of using this lithium ion battery. Comparing to capacitors and other different kind of batteries, it is essential for this lithium based battery to be charged using a definite voltage and restricted current [15]. If the condition is not fulfilled, the useful used-to-store-energy battery could be one of the dangerous battery as it could potentially be fire-starting bomb [15]. 2.2.1 Principles of Charging and Discharging Stage of Lithium ion battery The very foremost thing that need to be understood about discharging and charging a battery is its C-rate which is the foundation of battery usage. Generally, the batteries are characterised with nominal capacity which is measured in ampere-hour (Ah). But most of the time, the batteries are labelled in milliampere-hour (mAh) [15]. The label actually explains the amount of current supplied within one hour during the discharging state of the battery before the battery are fully depleted [15]. As an example, a battery labelled with 10000mAh which might be also labelled as 10Ah, could only push 10A to a circuit. If the battery is being discharged through the circuit with 10A but last for 1 hour, it said that the battery would have 1C discharge rate. It is also said to be discharged at rated capacity current. However, the discharge rate would only be 0.5C when the battery only provides 5A or 5000mA to a circuit. However, with 0.5C discharge rate, the battery would last for two hours [15]. Some batteries do tolerate for higher discharging rate compared to 1C, but it couldnt last longer than 1C discharge rate. As for charging condition, the theory is generally the same. At 0.5 charging rate, the same battery that labelled 10000mAh would be charged with maximum current of 50000mA [15]. However, comparing to discharge rate of a battery, most of the batteries are only charged at 0.5 to 0.7C charging rate because of safety and to have long-life battery [15]. Graph 1: Lithium ion battery cycle life, capacity and float voltage are interrelated From the graph above, it is concluded that each cell of most of the lithium ion batteries are only charged to 4.2V maximum. This is because charging using higher voltages might reduce the battery life even though the capacity of the battery are improved [16]. On the other hand, charging the battery using a lower voltage might increase the charge cycles but the run time of the battery are reduced [16]. Many batteries can be classified as over-discharged when the cell voltage of the battery is below 2.8V or 3V. When this happened, the battery can still actually be recharged and used [16]. However, a stage called aconditioning stage need to be done before the battery is charged again. Within the stage, the battery is only charged with 0.1C charging rate [16] Graph 2: The constant current, constant voltage charge profile of lithium ion battery The charge cycle of lithium ion battery is illustrated by the graph above. Generally, every charge cycle of single lithium battery contains two main stages which is Constant Current (CC) and Constant Voltage (CV). However, some chargers which charge series of lithium ion battery have an extra stage that is called Balancing Stage [16]. Explanation for each stage [16] is explained as below: Constant Current (CC) : This stage is always used by all the chargers and it is the one and only stage aimed at the fastest chargers. Generally, the battery is connected to current-limited power supply during this early stage. The limited current is normally 0.5 to 0.7 of the nominal capacity of the battery. The limited current flows continuously and constantly until the voltage of the battery cell reaches 4.2V. At this very moment, the charge of battery is expected to be around 70 to 80% [16]. Constant Voltage (CV) This stage is also known as the saturation stage. In this stage, the charger turns its role into voltage-limited power supply. Contradictly from the previous stage where voltage of the battery continues to be unchanged, the charge current decrease steadily. The battery is only acknowledged to be fully charged when the charge current is valued to be 3 to 10% of the rated capacity [16]. Balancing Stage As told before, this stage is normally only when series of lithium ion batteries need to be charged. In this stage, the charging current is normally lowered or in some cases, the charger is automatically and rapidly turned on and off in order to decrease the average current. At the same time, the charge of each battery cell is kept to the equal level. This was done by a circuit called balancing circuit. The stage will stop only when the batteries are found to be balanced. 2.2.2 Environmental Temperature Generally, lithium-ion battery give best charging performances only at cool temperature. The temperature accepted for the best performances ranging from 5  °C to 45  °C. Sometimes, the battery might even offer fast-charging within the accepted temperature [15]. It is also possible to charge the battery at low temperatures (below 5  °C). However, the cost to charge at low temperature is that the charge current will be reduced and indirectly, it would take long times for the battery to be fully charged. When the battery is charging in the low temperature, any increment in the temperature which is caused by the internal resistance of the cell would highly be beneficial even though it only small increment. On the other hand, charging the lithium ion battery in high temperatures can cause the battery to be degraded. Besides, charging the battery at high temperature (above 45  °C) also might lead to degradation of the battery performances. 3.1 Introduction In order to simplify the design and build the system, the project was split into modules. The project modules were initially designed to be like in the block diagram below. Figure 5: Initial flow chart of the motion-powered portable charger The modules were later adjusted based on the knowledge gained from the literature review. The adjusted modules are shown as below. Figure 6: Final flow chart of the motion-powered portable charger From the flow chart above, it can be seen that the input of the system is made to have two inputs. As for the system, the main input supposed to be the Kinetic/Mechanical to Electrical Energy Converter. However, the other input which is the AC Power Supply is also considered because it is made to be the alternative input just in case if there is any system failure in the main input. From the flow chart, there are three modules that are available in the market and would be useful for the system. The modules are AC Power Supply, Lithium ion Battery and 5V Voltage Regulator. 3.2 Kinetic/Mechanical to Electrical Energy Converter In this module, the design choice to generate the electricity which are harvested from kinetic or mechanical energy have been made. The design choice that have been made uses Faradays Law of Induction and Lenzs Law. Faradays Law of Induction applies that an electromotive force (EMF) will be produced when there is change in magnetic flux when a permanent magnet is passed through a loop of wire. Furthermore, Lenzs Law explained that the electromotive force (EMF) produced have different directions depending on the direction of the movement of the magnet relative to the loop of wire. Lenzs Law also indicates that the EMF can be converted into electricity if both ends of wire are connected to electrical load and it would produce an alternating current. Figure 7: Shake Generator with permanent magnet sealed in the tube From the understanding of the laws, a shake generator is made as in the figure above. The shake generator is made by using 30SWG magnet wire circling around a Perspex tube. A permanent and powerful magnet is then placed in the tube. Both end of the Perspex tube is then sealed using rubber-closed blind. Knowing that the generator would produce alternating current and produce low voltage, a circuit is designed which combined both AC-DC Converter and 12V Output voltage regulator. The AC-DC converter only consists of four 1N4001G diode which combined to form rectifier. On the other hand, the voltage regulator is created by using the LM7812CT Fairchild Semiconductor, 0.1 ÃŽÂ ¼F capacitor and 10 ÃŽÂ ¼F capacitor. Figure 8: AC-DC Converter and 12V 2A Voltage Regulator Circuit 3.3 Battery Charging Circuit Figure 9: Battery Charging Circuit In this circuit, a LM324N Operational Amplifier (op-amp) is used. The op-amp is used to produce a voltage and current limited power supply as in reviewed in the literature review early in this report. In this circuit, the current can be adjusted by using a potentiometer to produce current ranging from 160A to 1600mA. This allows the charger to charge various capacity of lithium ion batteries. The op-amp is used so that the voltage is limited to 4.2V. Thus, the lithium ion batteries will not be damaged. Besides, the circuit also used the TIP122G transistors. This transistor generally is a Darlington bipolar power transistor. This transistor can actually be replaced with any transistor which have pin that compatible with TIP122Gs pin. The transistor also need to have minimum DC current gain more than 100. Besides, the maximum collector current also need to be more than 2A. 3.3.1 Power Supply of the Charger Figure 10: Power Supply Circuit of the Battery Charger The battery charging circuit is mainly power-driven by a charger with rating of 12V 2A as designed in the Kinetic/Mechanical to Electrical Energy Converter module. It is found that the op-amp LM324N is not a rail to rail type. Thus, another voltage rail is needed so that the op-amp could detect the small voltages near the ground (GND). Besides, it is also made the output voltage to be low so that the Darlington transistor (TIP122G) wouldnt turned on when they are not supposed to. By referring to the overall schematic circuit of the Battery Charging Circuit, it can be seen that the transistor, that adjust the flow of the current and voltage across the lithium ion battery (illustrated by the oscilloscope), is not connected to ground but to a voltage rail. This is because the output of the LM324N op-amp couldnt reach the negative voltage supply. It can only reach 1.5 to 2.0V. At this condition, the TIP122G Darlington transistor couldnt be able to turn off and would result in the transistor for not be able to limit the current and voltage appropriately. This is one of the reasons why op-amp U1A and a transistor are used. This is to create a 2.5V rail practically compared to ground (GND). The voltage rail created are further used to sink the current which pass through the charger section of this module. From the circuit, the function of the resistor R2 and R3 are to act as potential divider which gives an average output voltage of 2.5V. However, it is still depending on the tolerance of both resistors. No matter on how the current flow, 2.5V will always loss across the op-amp which controls the transistor. In the circuit, the LED shows whether the charger is on or off. In addition, C2 steadily adjust the voltage out from the charger. In the battery charging circuit module, all of the op-amps and the charging indicator (illustrated by the LED) are precisely powered from the 12V supply. However, the remaining of the circuit is powered with the voltage between 12V and 2.5V rails which is 9.5V. 3.3.2 The charger circuit Figure 11: Actual Charger Circuit This section is the most significant section of the charger because this is the section that responsible in restricting the voltage and current across the lithium ion battery. From the circuit, the limited current can be controlled from the 10k ÃŽÂ © potentiometer. However, the limited voltage will be constantly at 4.2 V unrelatedly to the various kind of the power supply. The potentiometer also effectively works together with the U1C in limiting the current of the battery. The current passing it and the voltage across might be equal since the value of the sense resistor is only 1 ÃŽÂ ©. The potentiometer is above the 1k resistor and the voltage across the 1k ÃŽÂ © resistor is 160mV. This would make the lowest voltage of the output of the potentiometer would be 0.16V. In this condition, this circuit would produce limited current of 160mA which is a suitable condition to charge a lithium ion battery labelled with 300mAh. The highest limited current through the potentiometer can be somewhat more than 1.6A since the voltage drop that been found across it is about 1.6V. Thus, by changing the potentiometer, the possible output voltage obtained can be around 0.16V to 1.6V. On the other hand, this also means that the highest limited current can be ranging around 1600mA to 160A. The transistor will be driven by the op-amp to make the voltage across the sense resistor to have the equal value as in the output of the potentiometer. Besides, the op-amp might get to produce low voltage that is just sufficient to make the transistor turn off and to establish a low limited current all because of the 2.5V rail. Towards the finale phase of the constant current stage, the voltage of the lithium ion battery become closer to the value of 4.2V. At this situation, the limiting voltage stage of the circuit and the constant voltage stage will start to take over the process. A 4.2V situation under 12V (VCC) are created by the BZX79 4.7V Zener diode and the potential divider that consists of R10 and R11. At the moment where the voltage across the lithium ion battery get to 4.2V markings, the U1D op-amp begins to drive voltage into the reversing input of the other op-amp. This process will allow the op-amp to reduce the voltage of the output to the transistor. Thus, the current passing through the lithium ion battery will begin to fall steadily in order to maintain 4.2V across the battery. When the l

Repression, Isolation, Segregation and the Urban Ghetto Essay -- Black

Repression, Isolation, Segregation and the Urban Ghetto African Americans have systematically been denied equal opportunities and this is particularly true within American inner cities. The social, cultural, and economic isolation of these urban ghettos has profound impacts and affects on its dwellers. This isolation and segregation has led to the evolution of profoundly divergent and dichotomous life chances for black and white Americans. The black urban poor are confronted with a lifestyle that promotes oppositional culture to the norms of society and challenged by an everyday exposure to violence, drugs, and crime. This paper attempts to explore the historical conditions that laid the foundation for the modern black urban ghetto. Racism and segregation have a long history in America. For most of America’s history, black Americans have been denied fundamental rights that include the right own property and the right to vote. Until the 1920s, racial discrimination was largely considered a product of the backward practices of an economically and socially antiquated South. Because of their powerful rhetoric, important political connections, and financial support, northern whites had often been important activists in early fights for racial equality. Northern whites saw their urban environment as socially and economically integrated. Black doctors, lawyers and financiers mingled freely with upper class whites; this unconscious socialization was not only common among white collar professions but also amongst the middle and lower classes. Unfortunately, this social harmony would end abruptly with the second Great Migration of southern blacks to northern cities during the 1940s and 1950s. This migration resulted f... ...African Americans. More importantly, this history illustrates the continued importance of race and its central linkage to the problems of poverty. Bibliography Anderson, E. StreetWise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Clark, K. Dark ghetto: dilemmas of social power. New York: Harper and Row, 1965. Hirsch, A. Making the second ghetto: race and housing in Chicago, 1940-1960. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Kotlowitz, A. There are no children here. New York: Anchor Books, 1991. Massey, D. and Nancy Denton. American apartheid. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. Murray, C. Losing ground. New York: BasicBooks, 1994. Oliver, M. and Thomas M. Shapiro. Black wealth, white wealth. New York: Rouledge, 1997. Piven, F. and Richard A. Cloward. Poor people’s movements. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.

Assessment for Learning: the Roles of Teachers Essay

1.1: Compare and contrast the roles of the teacher and the learning support practitioner in assessment of learner’s achievements. The roles of Teachers and learning support practitioners are similar in that they are both continuingly monitoring the progress and achievements of the learner. Teachers need to be aware of every child’s progress within their setting. Gathering evidence and developing a full picture of each child is important, in order to understand their individual needs and supply accurate feedback to other teachers, support staff, parents and the senior leadership team. Teachers are required to plan lessons and set learning objectives for their classes. This is usually discussed with support staff, so they are able to help implement the lesson and effectively support the children’s learning. Support assistants can also be involved with the planning process, as their feedback should influence what is included in the lesson, and how future lessons nee ds to move forward. Both Teachers and Support Assistants should be observing children throughout the lesson. Support staffs are in a unique position, as they are able to observe the class whilst the Teacher leads the session. Through observations, teachers and support staff can identify children who are in need of additional support; it also gives a clear picture of class attainment as a whole. By doing this, targets can be set for individual children and different ability groups, helping them progress with their learning. The overall achievement of a class is a collaborative effort between the teacher and the learning support practitioners. The responsibility of assessment falls to anyone working with the child, and is an on-going process that should never stop happening in the learning environment. 1.2: Summarise the difference between formative and summative assessments. Teachers and Support staff use many different methods when assessing learners. These may include: observations, written records, verbal discussions, checklists and tick charts. Assessments can either be formative or summative. Formative assessments – On-going series of processes that are not conclusive. They are used to gather evidence, and help build a more complete picture of the child, for example: A child’s behaviour may be monitored over a period of time, in order to assess how best to cater for their needs. This will influence future planning and support interventions, as well as help to give a more complete picture of their behavioural patterns. Summative assessments – Used to draw conclusions and bring evidence together. They will consolidate all observations and previous assessments to come to an overall conclusion. Planning can then be set for the next steps, for example: A child who has had his behaviour observed over a period of time, in various different settings, may have an IEP put in place in light of the evidence gathered. Formative assessments are needed in order to make a summative assessment, as they are what contribute to the findings and overall conclusions. 1.3: Explain the characteristics of assessment for learning. Assessment for learning is a key tool for both Teachers and Support staff. It ensures that the learning goals for each lesson are clearly identified and are understood by the learner. This can be achieved by using the WALT and WILF principle: WALT, meaning; We Are Learning Today and WILF, meaning; What I’m Looking For. These objectives should be established at the beginning of each lesson, in order for the learner to understand the lesson criteria and expectations. Assessment for learning also aims for each child to have knowledge of the level they are working at, and what their targets are. This promotes independent learning, as the child understands what they are aiming to achieve and the goals they need to reach. Self-assessment and peer assessment is a key characteristic in assessment for learning. It aims to make children autonomous learners, and be able to recognise how to improve their work. Peer assessment allows children to give constructive advice to their peers, in order for them to progress their skills and learn from one another. Giving feedback to learners, so that they know which steps they need to take next, is crucial. Constructive feedback, along with effective planning, will focus the learners’ attention to the areas they need to improve on. It’s important that each learner believes they have the power to improve, and are confident enough in their ability to do so. 1.4: Explain the importance and benefits of assessment for learning. Assessment for learning is an important teaching tool as it clarifies whether or not the learning objectives, delivered through teaching, are being met. It can determine the educational needs of the children and affect decisions on: extra provisions or interventions, funding and a child’s marks. It helps develop a different culture towards learning and actively involves the child in that process. This is achieved through: helping the child understand the purpose of their learning, giving them the ability to recognise their own strengths and areas they need to improve on, motivating them to aspire to achieve through goals and targets, and giving them an opportunity to discuss with teachers and their peers about their learning. This is hugely beneficial as it encourages children to take ownership over their own learning. It also helps teaching staff identify the needs of the children and determine what approach to take next.

Will the Worlds Supply of Oil Run Out

You may have read that the worlds oil supply will run out in a few decades. In the early 80s, it was not uncommon to read that the supply of oil would be gone for all practical purposes in just a few years. Fortunately, these predictions werent accurate. But the notion that we will exhaust all the oil under the surface of the earth persists. There may well come a time when we no longer use oil remaining in the ground because of the impact of hydrocarbons on climate or because there are cheaper alternatives. Mistaken Assumptions Many predictions that we will run out of oil after a certain period of time are based on a flawed understanding of how the reserve supply of oil should be assessed. One typical way of making the assessment uses these factors: The number of barrels we can extract with existing technology.The number of barrels used worldwide in a year. The most naive way to make a prediction is to simply do the following calculation: Yrs. of oil left # of barrels available / # of barrels used in a year. So if there are 150 million barrels of oil in the ground and we use 10 million a year, this type of thinking would suggest that the oil supply will run out in 15 years. If the predictor realizes that with new drilling technology we can gain access to more oil, he will incorporate this into his estimate of #1 making a more optimistic prediction of when the oil will run out. If the predictor incorporates population growth and the fact that demand for oil per person often rises he will incorporate this into his estimate for #2 making a more pessimistic prediction. These predictions, however, are inherently flawed because they violate basic economic principles. We Will Never Run Out of Oil At least not in a physical sense. There will still be oil in the ground 10 years from now, and 50 years from now and 500 years from now. This will hold true no matter if you take a pessimistic or optimistic view about the amount of oil still available to be extracted. Lets suppose that the supply really is quite limited. What will happen as the supply starts to diminish? First, expect to see some wells run dry and either be replaced with new wells that have higher associated costs or not be replaced at all. Either of these would cause the price at the pump to rise. When the price of gasoline rises, people naturally buy less of it; the amount of this reduction being determined by the amount of the price increase and the consumers elasticity of demand for gasoline. This does not necessarily mean that people will drive less (though it is likely), it may mean that consumers trade in their SUVs for smaller cars, hybrid vehicles, electric cars or cars that run on alternative fuels. Each co nsumer will react to the price change differently, so we would expect to see everything from more people bicycling to work to used car lots full of Lincoln Navigators. If we go back to Economics 101, this effect is clearly visible. The continual reduction of the supply of oil is represented by a series of small shifts of the supply curve to the left and an associated move along the demand curve. Since gasoline is a normal good, Economics 101 tells us that we will have a series of price increases and a series of reductions in the total amount of gasoline consumed. Eventually, the price will reach a point where gasoline will become a niche good purchased by very few consumers, while other consumers will have found alternatives to gas. When this happens there will still be plenty of oil in the ground, but consumers will have found alternatives that make more economic sense to them, so there will be little if any, demand for gasoline. Should the Government Be Spending More Money on Fuel Cell Research? Not necessarily. There already exists plenty of alternatives to the standard internal combustion engine. With gasoline less than $2.00 a gallon in most areas of the United States, electric cars are not very popular. If the price were significantly higher, say $4.00 or $6.00, wed expect to see quite a few electric cars on the road. Hybrid cars, while not a strict alternative to the internal combustion engine, would reduce the demand for gasoline as these vehicles can get twice the mileage of many comparable cars. Advances in these technologies, making electric and hybrid cars cheaper to produce and more useful, may make fuel cell technology unnecessary. Keep in mind that as the price of gasoline rises, the car manufacturers will have an incentive to develop cars which run on less expensive alternative fuels in order to win the business of consumers fed up with high gas prices. An expensive government program in alternative fuels and fuel cells seems unnecessary. How Will This Effect The Economy? When a useful commodity, such as gasoline, becomes scarce, there is always a cost to the economy, just as there would be a benefit to the economy if we discovered a limitless form of energy. This is because the value of the economy is roughly measured by the value of the goods and services it produces. Remember that barring any unforeseen tragedy or deliberate measure to limit the supply of oil, the supply will not drop suddenly, meaning that the price will not rise suddenly. The 1970s were much different because we saw a sudden and significant drop in the amount of oil on the world market due to a cartel of oil-producing nations deliberately cutting back on production in order to raise the world price. This is quite a bit different than a slow natural decline in the supply of oil due to depletion. So unlike the 1970s, we should not expect to see large lines at the pump and large overnight price increases. This is assuming that the government does not try to fix the problem of declining oil supply by rationing. Given what the 1970s taught us, this would be very unlikely. In conclusion, if markets are allowed to function freely the supply of oil will never run out, in a physical sense, though its quite likely that in the future gasoline will become a niche commodity. Changes in consumer patterns and the emergence of new technology driven by increases in the price of oil will prevent the oil supply from ever physically running out. While predicting doomsday scenarios may be a good way to get people to know your name, they are a very poor predictor of what is likely to happen in the future.